What is GLP-1?
Understanding GLP-1 receptor agonists: how they work, what they treat, and what the science says about their effectiveness.
What is GLP-1?
GLP-1 stands for glucagon-like peptide-1, a hormone naturally produced in your gut after eating. This hormone plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels and appetite.
GLP-1 receptor agonists are medications that mimic the effects of natural GLP-1, but in a more potent and longer-lasting form. They were originally developed to treat type 2 diabetes but have since been approved for weight management in certain patients.
How Do GLP-1 Medications Work?
GLP-1 receptor agonists work through several mechanisms:
- 1Stimulate insulin release — When blood sugar rises after eating, GLP-1 medications help your pancreas release the right amount of insulin.
- 2Reduce glucagon secretion — They decrease the release of glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar levels.
- 3Slow gastric emptying — Food stays in your stomach longer, which helps you feel full longer after meals.
- 4Reduce appetite — GLP-1 acts on the brain's appetite centers to reduce hunger and food cravings.
FDA-Approved Uses
GLP-1 receptor agonists are FDA-approved for two main indications:
Type 2 Diabetes
Medications like Ozempic and Mounjaro are approved to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes, alongside diet and exercise.
Chronic Weight Management
Wegovy and Zepbound are approved for chronic weight management in adults with obesity (BMI ≥30) or overweight (BMI ≥27) with weight-related conditions.
Types of GLP-1 Medications
There are several GLP-1 receptor agonists available, each with different dosing schedules and approved uses. Learn more about specific medications on our GLP-1 medications overview page.
| Medication | Active Ingredient | Dosing |
|---|---|---|
| Ozempic | Semaglutide | Once weekly injection |
| Wegovy | Semaglutide | Once weekly injection |
| Mounjaro | Tirzepatide | Once weekly injection |
| Zepbound | Tirzepatide | Once weekly injection |
| Rybelsus | Semaglutide | Daily oral tablet |
What Does the Research Show?
Clinical trials have demonstrated significant results for GLP-1 medications. According to published research:
- • The STEP trials showed that semaglutide (Wegovy) led to an average weight loss of approximately 15% of body weight over 68 weeks.
- • The SURMOUNT trials showed that tirzepatide (Zepbound) led to an average weight loss of approximately 20% of body weight over 72 weeks.
- • Results vary significantly between individuals — some people experience more weight loss, while others experience less.
Note: These results were achieved in clinical trial settings with dietary counseling and lifestyle modifications. Individual results may vary.
Who May Be a Candidate?
GLP-1 medications for weight management are typically prescribed for adults who meet certain criteria:
- • BMI of 30 or greater (obesity), or
- • BMI of 27 or greater (overweight) with at least one weight-related health condition such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol
A healthcare provider will evaluate your complete medical history, current medications, and health goals to determine if GLP-1 therapy is appropriate for you.
Learn More About GLP-1 Medications
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